Earthquakes are caused due to sudden tectonic movements in the earths crust. Causes and effects of earthquakes free download as powerpoint presentation. The disturbances inside the earth are called tectonic movements. The results are known as subduction zones, and the worlds largest earthquakes occur in these regions.
Causes, effects and types of landslides earth eclipse. Unit 4 earthquake effects introduction in the last unit, we looked at the causes and characteristics of earthquakes. These plates are constantly moving because of convectional currents in the mantle asthenosphere. The great majority of them pass virtually unnoticed except by seismologists. Earthquake causes damage to the building, bridges, dams. Earthquakes earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. The largest fault surfaces on earth are formed due to boundaries between moving plates. Earthquake magnitude earthquake severity richter magnitude earthquake effects less than 3. Liquefaction is when sediment grains are literally made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil to lose all its solidity. The most widely felt earthquakes in the recorded history of north america were a series that occurred in 18111812 near new madrid. Rupture causes problems for humans by, well, rupturing things. The environmental effects of it are that including surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, tsunamis, soil liquefaction, ground resonance, landslides and.
Earthquake in many cases, can cause great loss of life. In this video lesson you will learn what causes earthquakes and where they occur. The shaking tends to occur along zones of weakness in underground rock formations. Earthquake effects we all know that the effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Definition, causes, measures and other details with diagram.
The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. You will also understand the theory of elastic rebound, and how. Therefore, earthquakes are most frequent along the edges of the tectonic plates where one plate is moving relative to the adjoining plate. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. Earthquakes are one of the most destructive mothernature disasters in the world. Earthquakes are among the most common, the most destructive, and the most terrifying of natural disasters. What is earthquake, its causes, effects, measurement. Earthquakes induced by human activity have been documented at many locations in the united states and in many other countries around the world. Most tectonic activity, including earthquakes, occurs where these plates meet. Causes of earthquakes article about causes of earthquakes. Causes, consequences, prediction, and response boris w. D chandrasekharam department of earth sciences head, centre of studies in resources engineering indian institute of technology bombay such news items raises several questions like what are earthquakes. The list of some of the main effects caused by earthquakes are given below.
An earthquake is shaking or trembling of the earths surface, caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement sudden release of energy in the earths crust shallowfocus earthquakes or upper mantle some shallowfocus and all intermediate and deepfocus earthquakes. A simple example common in many earthquakes are landslides. Scientists can explain how most earthquakes are caused using simplified theories of the earths structure. When earthquakes occur on solid sedimentary rocks, it often soften the effects but when they happen on less compacted rock, damages to buildings is likely which also includes falling power lines and infrastructure destruction. The science behind earthquakes what is an earthquake. The present generation of people in bangladesh hasnt witnessed any major earthquake. These disturbances cause vibrations which spread in all the directions. Unit 3 earthquake causes and characteristics introduction in the last unit, we explored the historical importance and intent of executive order 12699. These quakes that occur on less compacted rock may also cause fires and deaths and injuries. Let us see what earthquake is, its causes and effects, how earthquake is measured and also types of earthquakes. Most earthquakes are causally related to compressional or tensional stresses built up at the margins of the huge moving lithospheric plates that make up the earths surface see lithosphere lithosphere, brittle uppermost shell of the earth, broken into a number of tectonic plates. Majority of the earthquakes originate along the edges of the plates and occur in some regions more frequently than others. Earthquakes occur when the ground is subjected to so much force that it fractures or breaks.
The earthquake caused by the excessive pressure of the gas in the earths crust, sudden changes in the motion of magma, any opening or occurrence of space between the rocks, etc. Oct 16, 2019 what are the aftereffects of an earthquake. Knowing more about the effects of earthquakes helps us understand the mitigation steps that must be taken to protect a. As a result the population has been generally complacent about the risk of earthquakes. There are other, secondary effects that are caused by earthquakes, most often a result of strong shaking. Earthquakes gandhinagar institute of technology presented by. Examine, with examples the main causes and effects of earthquakes hasnt been asked yet the earths crust is broken into slabs, they are called plates. Intraplate earthquakes these are earthquakes that occur in the stable portions of continents that are not near plate boundaries. Losses associated with secondary effects in earthquakes. The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides.
Strong ground motion during an earthquake can cause watersaturated, unconsolidated soil to act more like a dense fluid than. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. Effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon. Defining an earthquake an earthquake is a natural phenomenon like rain. Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever since near the surface, for each km into. Some earthquake ruptures travel at unusually low velocities and are referred to as slow earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes are of two forms volcanotectonic earthquakes and longperiod volcanic earthquake. Earthquakes are caused by disturbances in the interior of the earth and other causes. Quaking and subsequent shaking of earth with varied causes. Earthquakes teacher notes and student activities ga record. Forecasting earthquakes are a bit difficult but warning systems have been developed.
Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks. Earthquakes teacher notes and student activities 7 the causes and types of earthquakes most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the earths tectonic plates. Now lets take a look at an earthquakes effects on the natural and built environments. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes. Although the causes of landslides are wide ranging, they have 2 aspects in common. On the basis of such disturbances produced in the solid body of the earth, many causes have been assigned for causing earthquakes, minor as well as major. Earthquakes are the result of slowmoving processes that operate within earth. After devoting my time in this research, i clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes are. Some of the earthquakes are artificial, while others are natural. Bangladesh is surrounded by a number of tectonic blocks which have produced earthquakes in recent times. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes sudden shaking of the earth surface. Levin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss ocean in 1012 hours and bring down a wall of water 10 m high with a velocity of more than 70 km h1 upon a calm ocean beach. One popular theory was that earthquakes were caused by air rushing out of caverns deep in the earths interior.
It is estimated that possibly as many as a million temblors of varying degrees of intensity occur every year. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of earthquakes, people around the world created. The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the. By william to read the causes and effects, the designs and emprovement, of earthquakes considered. Protection, definition, causes, effects, precaution physics. What is an earthquake and what causes them to happen. All key factors and illustrations surrounding the causes, effects, and solution will be explained in detail to provide a complete understanding of how earthquakes are formed. Descriptions as old as recorded history show the significant effects they have had on peoples lives. The shaking causes regions of the rock and soil to slide downhill. First we need some basic information about earthquakes and their effects on the built environment. The nature and cause of earthquakes kitp online talks.
Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. The sudden shaking or rolling of the earths surface is called an earthquake. The energy released from earthquakes fracture the surface of the earth. Actually earthquakes occur daily around the world according to one estimate, about 8000 occur every year, but most of them are too mild to be noticeable. The disturbances inside the earth are called tectonic movements these forces bring about changes on the earth surface and physical features like mountains, plateaus and rift valleys are form. A line connecting all points on the surface of the earth where the intensity of shaking produced by earthquake waves is the same. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earths crust and cause the shaking that we feel in california there are two plates the pacific plate and the. While landslides are considered naturally occurring disasters, humaninduced changes in the environment have recently caused their upsurge.
Those who did look for natural causes often reached conclusions that seem fanciful today. Causes, effects and geographical distribution of earthquakes. The report is intended to help students and others visualize what causes earthquake shaking and. Jun 10, 2012 effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon. These forces bring about changes on the earth surface and physical features like mountains, plateaus and rift valleys are formed. Learn more about the causes and effects of earthquakes in this article. Schaefer and friedemann wenzel geophysical institute, center for disaster management and risk reduction technology, karlsruhe institute of technology, karlsruhe, germany the number of earthquakes with high damage and high losses has been limited to around 100 events since 1900. Cbse class 9 elements of business syllabus 20202021 pdf. An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. As a result the population has been generally complacent about the risk of. Earthquakes are caused by sudden tectonic movements in the earths crust. Read book pdf the causes and effects, the designs and emprovement, of earthquakes considered.
After devoting my time in this research, i clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes are formed and how they occur over the period of time. The unusually wide zone of coseismic damage caused by the 2001 kunlun earthquake has been attributed to the effects of the sonic boom developed in such earthquakes. This release of energy causes intense ground shaking in the area near the source of the earthquake and sends waves of elastic energy, called seismic waves, throughout the earth. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row. Earthquakes can be induced by a wide range of causes including impoundment of reservoirs, surface and underground mining, withdrawal of fluids and gas from the subsurface, and injection of fluids into. The forces that cause deformation are referred to as stresses. Many of them occur as a result of reactivation of ancient faults, although the causes of some intraplate earthquakes are not well understood. Causes and effects of earthquakes earthquakes seismology. An earthquake cause several impacts on the natural. Earths crust is made of several tectonic plates, which slowly move around earths surface.
Causes and effects of earthquakes engineering essay. Do you know what is an earthquake, how it is caused, how it is measured and what are the effects of an earthquake. Most earthquakes occur along zones where the earths crust is undergoing. Liquefaction and subsidence of the ground are important effects which often are the cause of much destruction in earthquakes, particularly in unconsolidated ground. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction.
In later sections of this course, we will take a closer look at evaluating a communitys safety. But it is undoubtedly true that all the earthquakes are caused due to the disequilibrium in the earths crust. When the tectonic plates slide over one another, there is a cause of orogeny which results in earthquakes and volcanoes. Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever since near the surface, for each km into earth, the temperature rises by about 30deg. An earthquake is an announced or sudden tremor of the earth due to movements within the earths crust or volcanic eruptions.
Earthquakes cause landslides, damming of rivers, depressions which form lakes. Several buildings collapsed, schools, hospitals, whole city destroyed due to it. The main cause is that when tectonic plates, one rides over the other, causing orogeny collide mountain building, earthquakes. Mar 24, 2020 earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks.
1101 11 1232 6 1134 359 52 928 1389 1078 638 514 1214 24 1202 1156 1114 1467 541 1554 621 1009 7 950 439 1142 201 1463 16 897 1458 1180 92 614